> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://book.ferro.pro/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://book.ferro.pro/db/oracle.md).

# Oracle

* [Storage](/db/oracle.md#storage)
* [Tools](/db/oracle.md#tools)
* [User](/db/oracle.md#user)
* [Create Table](/db/oracle.md#create-table)
* [Create Procedure](/db/oracle.md#create-procedure)

## Storage

<https://docs.oracle.com/cloud/latest/db112/CNCPT/logical.htm#CNCPT3000>

![](https://docs.oracle.com/cloud/latest/db112/CNCPT/img/cncpt227.gif) ![](https://docs.oracle.com/cloud/latest/db112/CNCPT/img/cncpt027.gif)

A `tablespace` is a logical storage container for segments. Segments are database objects, such as tables and indexes, that consume storage space.\
A `segment` is a set of extents allocated for a specific database object, such as a table. Each segment belongs to one and only one tablespace.\
An `extent` is a set of logically contiguous data blocks allocated for storing a specific type of information.\
One `logical data block` corresponds to a specific number of bytes of physical disk space, for example, 2 KB.

## Tools

<http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/developer-tools/index.html>

## User

```
ALTER USER hr ACCOUNT UNLOCK;
ALTER USER hr IDENTIFIED BY hr_password;
```

## Create Table

<https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28310/tables003.htm#ADMIN11004> ![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/img/create_table.gif)

```
CREATE TABLE "HR"."COUNTRIES" 
(
"COUNTRY_ID" CHAR(2 BYTE) 
    CONSTRAINT "COUNTRY_ID_NN" NOT NULL ENABLE, 
```

![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/img/inline_constraint.gif)\
<https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/clauses002.htm>

```
"COUNTRY_NAME" VARCHAR2(40 BYTE), 
"REGION_ID" NUMBER, 
    CONSTRAINT "COUNTRY_C_ID_PK" PRIMARY KEY ("COUNTRY_ID") ENABLE, 
    CONSTRAINT "COUNTR_REG_FK" FOREIGN KEY ("REGION_ID")
```

![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/img/out_of_line_constraint.gif)

```
    REFERENCES "HR"."REGIONS" ("REGION_ID") ENABLE
```

![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/img/references_clause.gif) ![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/img/constraint_state.gif)

```
) 
ORGANIZATION INDEX -- index-organized table. 
```

ORGANIZATION: the order in which the data rows of the table are stored.

* HEAP: the data rows of table are stored in no particular order. This is the *default*.
* INDEX: table is created as an index-organized table. In an index-organized table, the data rows are held in an index defined on the primary key for the table.
* EXTERNAL: table is a read-only table located outside the database.

  NOCOMPRESS -- whether to compress data segments to reduce disk use PCTFREE 10 -- NOCOMPRESS use the PCTFREE default value of 10, to maximize compress while still allowing for some future DML changes to the data INITRANS 2 -- Specify the initial number of concurrent transaction entries allocated within each data block allocated to the database object. MAXTRANS 255 -- deprecated. LOGGING -- a database object will be logged in the redo log file

<https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/clauses.htm#SQLRF021>

```
STORAGE(
    INITIAL 65536 -- the size of the first extent of the object. allocates space when you create the schema object.
    NEXT 1048576 -- in bytes the size of the next extent to be allocated to the object.
    MINEXTENTS 1 -- In locally managed tablespaces, determine the initial segment size in conjunction with PCTINCREASE, INITIAL and NEXT
    MAXEXTENTS 2147483645 -- valid only for objects in dictionary-managed tablespaces
    PCTINCREASE 0 -- Oracle recommends a setting of 0 as a way to minimize fragmentation and avoid the possibility of very large temporary segments during processing.
    FREELISTS 1 -- each free list group contains one free list
    FREELIST GROUPS 1 -- In tablespaces with manual segment-space management, statically partition the segment free space in an Oracle Real Application Clusters environment.
    BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT 
    FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT 
    CELL_FLASH_CACHE DEFAULT
)
```

![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/img/storage_clause.gif)\
<https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/clauses009.htm#SQLRF30013>

```
TABLESPACE "USERS" 
PCTTHRESHOLD 50;  -- when an overflow segment is being used, defines the maximum size of the portion of the row that is stored in the index block, as a percentage of block size. 1–50. The default is 50.
```

## Create Procedure

<https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/statements_6009.htm> ![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/img/create_procedure.gif)

```
CREATE PROCEDURE find_root
( x IN REAL ) 
IS LANGUAGE C
```

Use the call\_spec to map a Java or C method name, parameter types, and return type to their SQL counterparts.\
![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28370/img/call_spec.gif)\
![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28370/img/java_declaration.gif)

```
    NAME c_find_root
    LIBRARY c_utils
    PARAMETERS ( x BY REFERENCE );
```

![](https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28370/img/c_declaration.gif)

```
create or replace PROCEDURE add_job_history
(  p_emp_id          job_history.employee_id%type
, p_start_date      job_history.start_date%type
, p_end_date        job_history.end_date%type
, p_job_id          job_history.job_id%type
, p_department_id   job_history.department_id%type
)
IS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO job_history (employee_id, start_date, end_date, job_id, department_id)
    VALUES(p_emp_id, p_start_date, p_end_date, p_job_id, p_department_id);
END add_job_history;
```