mikrotik

CHR

  • free/trial： https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/spaces/ROS/pages/18350234/Cloud+Hosted+Router+CHR#CloudHostedRouter%2CCHR-Freelicenses

  • download: https://mikrotik.com/client/chr

    /system license renew level: p1

IPv6

Server: only delegate IPv6 prefixes, not addresses: https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:IPv6/DHCP_Server

# Client
/ipv6 dhcp-client
add add-default-route=yes interface=ether5 pool-name=pub-pool-1 request=prefix
/ipv6 address
add address=... eui-64=yes from-pool=pub-pool-1 interface=ether5

Performance

Hardware offloading(Chip) > Fast Forward(CPU) > Fast Path > Slow Path

/interface bridge settings print

Tasks

DDNS
  /ip cloud set ddns-enabled=yes
Export memory log
  /log print file=log.txt
Port scan
  /system telnet 192.168.1.1 80
Check link speed
 /interface ethernet monitor
SSH
  /user ssh-keys import public-key-file= user=
  /ip ssh print
  /ip ssh set forwarding-enabled=local

  • if winbox not working: /webfig/#IP:Services

  • create/dump/unpack .npk: https://github.com/kost/mikrotik-npk

  • vulnerabilities: https://github.com/microsoft/routeros-scanner

  • Monitor/control from Home Assistant: https://github.com/tomaae/homeassistant-mikrotik_router

Quickset

  • CPE: Client device

  • BasicAP: Wireless

  • HomeAP: Wireless/Guest; WAN; LAN; VPN; System update/reset/password

  • Wireless ISP (WISP) AP: 802.11/nstreme/nv2 Wireless Bridge/Router; VPN; System update/reset/password

  • Home Mesh: Enables the CAPsMAN server in the router, and places the local WiFi interfaces under CAPsMAN control. Just boot other MikroTik WiFi APs with the reset button pressed.

    • not adding self => Wireless -> CAP: CAPsMAN addr add "127.0.0.1"

    • "No supported channel" => reset with default config and run quickset first

  • PTP Bridge AP: transparently interconnect two remote locations together in the same network, set one device to this mode, and the other => PTP Bridge CPE

CPE

https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:Wireless_Station_Modes#Mode_station-pseudobridge

802.11

  • station: if L2 bridging on station is not necessary - as in case of routed or MPLS switched network

  • station-pseudobridge : single MAC address translation

  • station-pseudobridge-clone : either address configured or first forwarded frame

      /interface wireless
  set [ find default-name=wlan1 ] disabled=no mode=station-pseudobridge ssid=Soyo_22MAR8287
  /interface wireless security-profiles
  set [ find default=yes ] authentication-types=wpa-psk,wpa2-psk group-ciphers=tkip,aes-ccm mode=dynamic-keys supplicant-identity=MikroTik unicast-ciphers=tkip,aes-ccm wpa-pre-shared-key=88888888 wpa2-pre-shared-key=88888888

Wireless

RouterOS AP accepts clients in station-bridge mode when enabled using bridge-mode parameter.

default-forwarding (on AP) – gives ability to disable the communication between the wireless clients default-authentication – enables AP to register a client even if it is not in access list. In turn for client it allows to associate with AP not listed in client's connect list

Reset

https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/display/ROS/Reset+Button

  • Hold this button before applying power

    • three seconds : backup boot loader

    • flashing ： reset configuration

    • 5 more seconds, LED turns solid : CAP

    • 5 more seconds until the LED turns off : Netinstall

QoS

https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/display/ROS/Connection+rate

PCQ

https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:Queue_Size http://mum.mikrotik.com/presentations/US08/janism.pdf https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:HTB-Token_Bucket_Algorithm

Cake

https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/display/ROS/CAKE

  • config example: https://forum.mikrotik.com/viewtopic.php?t=188420#p1051514

https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/spaces/ROS/pages/196345874/CAKE

  • ack-filter: improve the utilization of the upload bandwidth

  • diffserv8 : 5. Real-time Interactive (40): Interactive applications, such as gaming.

hotspot

/ip hotspot walled-garden
ip add dst-address=1.1.1.1 action=accept
add dst-host=:^www.bing.com path=":/*\$"
    >>> regular expression start with a colon (':')
    >>> $ requires the escape character '\' to stop it from be processed as an actual $)

Routing

Packet Flow

Models

Model
Alias
Arch
Dude
Chip
CPU
MHz
RAM
Storage
Ports
PoE In
Out
Mbit/s
dBi

RB750Gr3

hEX

MMIPS

v6/7

MT7621A

2C4T

880

256

16/TF/USB

5/1G

8-30 V

N/A

N/A

RB941-2nD

hAP lite

SMIPS

-

QCA9533

1C

650

32

16

4/100

MicroUSB

N/A

300

1.5

RB951G-2HnD

MIPSBE

-

AR9344

1C

600

128

128

5/1G

8-30 V

N/A

300

2.5

RBD52G-*

hAP ac²

ARM32

v6/7

IPQ-4018

4

716

128

16/USB

5/1G

18-28 V

N/A

300/867

2.5/2.5

Switch Chip

https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:Switch_Chip_Features

Model
RB3011
RB951G
RB750G
RB951Ui-2HnD
RB951-2n
RB750Gr3

Feature

QCA8337

Atheros8327

Atheros8316

Atheros8227

Atheros7240

MT7621

Port Switching

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

Port Mirroring

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

TX limit

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

no

RX limit

yes

yes

no

no

no

no

Vlan table

4096 entries

4096 entries

4096 entries

4096 entries

16 entries

no

Rule table

92 rules

92 rules

32 rules

no

no

no

Switch VLAN

  • vlan-mode # QCA8337(RB3011) and Atheros8327(RB951G-2HnD): when vlan-mode=secure is used, it ignores switch port vlan-header options.

    • fallback

      • check ingress

        • If ingress traffic is tagged and egress port is not found in the VLAN table for the appropriate VLAN ID, then traffic is dropped.

      • forwards all untagged traffic. If a VLAN ID is not found in the VLAN Table, then traffic is forwarded. Used to allow known VLANs only in specific ports.

    • check

      • check ingress, drops all untagged traffic.

        • If ingress traffic is tagged and egress port is not found in the VLAN table for the appropriate VLAN ID, then traffic is dropped.

    • secure

      • check ingress, drops all untagged traffic. Both ingress and egress port must be found in the VLAN Table for the appropriate VLAN ID, otherwise traffic is dropped.

  • vlan-header

    • =leave-as-is default

    • =always-strip for access ports

    • =add-if-missing for trunk port

Bridge VLAN

  • way 1: add br-vlan: if-vlan + phy-access-port

  • way 2: set filtering: https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:Interface/Bridge#Bridge_VLAN_Filtering

FastPath + Conntrack = FastTrack

  • https://mum.mikrotik.com/presentations/UA15/presentation_3077_1449654925.pdf

  • https://mum.mikrotik.com/presentations/TR18/presentation_5628_1539936230.pdf

  • https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:Fast_Path

  • https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:IP/Fasttrack

Sniffer and Wireshark

https://mum.mikrotik.com/presentations/ID19/presentation_6708_1572241150.pdf

/tool sniffer print # running: yes/no
# wireshark capture filter: udp port 37008
/tool sniffer streaming-server=ip.of.wireshark.box => click Start!

/interface ethernet switch set switch1 mirror-source=

VPN

OpenVPN

https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/OpenVPN

tun, RouterOS defines this as ip. tap, which is needed for bridge mode gateways. RouterOS defines this as ethernet.

WireGuard

Both WAN: https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/display/ROS/WireGuard 1 Server: https://forum.mikrotik.com/viewtopic.php?t=174417

PPP BCP

https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:BCP_bridging_(PPP_tunnel_bridging)

mwan

Bandwidth-based load-balancing with failover: https://mum.mikrotik.com/presentations/US12/tomas.pdf

Bonding: - You need to control of both ends of the link Policy routing: - Not dynamic / Scalability problems PCC: - Not bandwidth wise Bandwidth based: + scalable | MPLS TE / Mangle + scripting

Bandwidth based - Mangle + scripting

Steps: from page 23

PCC - diff subnet/bandwidth

https://mum.mikrotik.com/presentations/US12/steve.pdf mark connections -> associate routing marks with packets -> Create routes

  • p81: action=accept chain=prerouting dst-address=172.*.0.0/24

  • p91: action=mark-connection chain=prerouting connection-mark=no-mark in-interface=LAN new-connection-mark=WAN1 passthrough=yes per-connection-classifier=

  • p100a: action=mark-routing chain=prerouting connection-mark=WAN1 new-routing-mark=WAN1-mark passthrough=yes

  • p100b: action=mark-routing chain=output connection-mark=WAN1 new-routing-mark=WAN1-mark passthrough=yes

  • p104: action=mark-connection chain=prerouting connection-mark=no-mark in-interface=WAN1 new-connection-mark=WAN1 passthrough=yes

https://aacable.wordpress.com/2011/07/27/mikrotik-dual-wan-load-balancing-using-pcc-method-complete-script-by-zaib/

WAN + ppp

/ip firewall nat add action=masquerade chain=srcnat out-interface=l2tp-out1
/ip route add dst-address=192.168.1.0/24 gateway=192.168.89.1 ...

Videos

TopCommon mistakes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LmQYIQ5RoA

Automation

Web Helper | need SignUp: https://github.com/buananetpbun/buananetpbun.github.io | https://buananetpbun.github.io/

Scripting

https://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/Manual:Scripting

:put [resolve google.com server 8.8.8.8] # put=print

https://github.com/eworm-de/routeros-scripts

SSH

https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/display/ROS/SSH

API

  • https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/display/ROS/API#API-Exampleclient

Python

  • https://github.com/LaiArturs/RouterOS_API

  • https://librouteros.readthedocs.io/en/latest/query.html

Monitoring

Grafana & Prometheus

  • Py + Dockerfile : https://github.com/akpw/mktxp

    • Grafana | docker-compose : https://github.com/akpw/mktxp-stack

    • Grafana | RouterOS v7 + Raspi: https://github.com/M0r13n/mikrotik_monitoring

      docker exec -it mktxp /bin/sh mktxp show # cat /root/mktxp/mktxp.conf mktxp print -en 'Sample-Router' -cc # test connection & show CAPsMAN clients

  • Go + Dockerfile: https://github.com/nshttpd/mikrotik-exporter

    • Grafana | k8s: https://www.lisenet.com/2021/monitor-mikrotik-router-with-grafana-and-prometheus-mikrotik-exporter/

Manage Remote

ROS v7: conf socks4 and route

/ip route add dst-address=192.168.1.1/24 gateway=l2tp-out1
/ip socks set enabled=yes

/nw/proxy/#host-apps

Wireless

802.11r/k/v

  • 7.13+ | https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/display/ROS/WiFi#WiFi-Compatibility

    • for ARM | NOT copmatible: MIPS

  • 7.12- | https://help.mikrotik.com/docs/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=46759946#WifiWave2(7.12andolder)-SecurityProperties

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