# fs * [Compare](#compare) * [Check info](#check-info) * [Convert between MBR and GPT](#convert-between-mbr-and-gpt) * [mkpart, format](#mkpart-format) * [mount/umount](#mountumount) * [fstab](#fstab) * [LVM](#lvm) * [vg operations](#vg-operations) * [lv operations](#lv-operations) * [Resize fs](#resize-fs) * [btrfs](#btrfs) * [snapshot](#snapshot) * [f2fs](#f2fs) * [NTFS](#ntfs) * [Swap](#swap) * [Benchmark](#benchmark) * [dd](#dd) * [fio](#fio) * [SMART](#smart) * [SAMBA](#samba) ## Compare | File system | Host OS | Online grow | Offline grow | Online shrink | Offline shrink | | ------------- | ------- | ----------- | ------------ | ------------- | -------------- | | FAT32(X) | misc. | No | 3rd-party | No | 3rd-party | | NTFS | Windows | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | | ReFS | Windows | Yes | ? | No | ? | | Btrfs\[51] | Linux | Yes | No | Yes | No | | ext4\[52] | Linux | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | | HFS+ | Linux | No | No | No | No | | HFS+ | macOS | Yes | No | Yes | No | | APFS | macOS | ? | ? | ? | ? | | ZFS | misc. | Yes | No | No | No | | ReiserFS\[59] | Linux | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | | XFS\[60] | Linux | Yes | No | No | No | ## Check info ``` lshw -short -C disk lshw -class disk -class storage lsblk -f # check file system type tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep -i count gdisk -l /dev/sda #fdisk many give wrong GPT partiton # file -s /dev/vda /dev/vda: DOS/MBR boot sector # file -s /dev/vda1 /dev/vda1: Linux rev 1.0 ext4 filesystem data, UUID=... (needs journal recovery) (extents) (large files) (huge files) ``` ## Convert between MBR and GPT ``` sudo sgdisk -g /dev/sda sudo sgdisk -m /dev/sda sudo partprobe -s ``` ## mkpart, format ``` parted -s /dev/sdb mklabel gpt parted -s /dev/sdb unit mib mkpart primary 0% 100% / 1MiB 512MiB mkpart primary fat32 1MiB 512MiB set 1 esp on mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 ``` ## mount/umount ``` mount -o rw,remount / # recovery umount -l /PATH/OF/BUSY-DEVICE mount -o loop,ro $path $mount_point # ISO mount.nfs $1:$2 $3 mount -tnfs4 -ominorversion=1 server_nfs_4.1:/dir\ echo $path $mount_point cifs username=$user,password=$passwd 0 0 >> /etc/fstab # SMB ``` ### fstab Loss NAS mount may cause hang! ``` cat /proc/mounts # list mounted /dev/vdb1 /root/data ext4 defaults,noatime 0 0 /dev/cdrom /media/CentOS auto user,noauto,exec,utf8 0 0 //192.168.88.10/_ISO /mnt/ISO/ cifs username=user,password=pwd 0 0 //servername/sharename /media/windowsshare cifs guest,uid=1000,iocharset=utf8 0 0 /dev/mapper/x--vg--root /home btrfs defaults,subvol=@home 0 2 /dev/sda2 /mymnt/win ntfs-3g rw,umask=0000,defaults 0 0 ``` is checked by the dump(ext2/3 filesystem backup) utility. This field is usually set to 0, which disables the check. / sets the order for filesystem checks at boot time; see fsck(8). 1 for the root device, 2 for other partitions, 0 to disable checking. \[Arch] If the root file system is btrfs, set to 0 instead of 1. ## LVM ``` pvdisplay -v -m Wiping internal VG cache Wiping cache of LVM-capable devices --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sde1 VG Name wd500-vg PV Size <422.53 GiB / not usable 0 Allocatable yes PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 108167 Free PE 5523 Allocated PE 102644 PV UUID nPoenO-vin9-wkZF-4Dxh-5WT2-yU3f-EtAMs5 --- Physical Segments --- Physical extent 0 to 5522: FREE Physical extent 5523 to 95122: Logical volume /dev/wd500-vg/data Logical extents 0 to 89599 Physical extent 95123 to 95366: Logical volume /dev/wd500-vg/swap_1 Logical extents 0 to 243 Physical extent 95367 to 108166: Logical volume /dev/wd500-vg/data Logical extents 89600 to 102399 ``` create vg+lv & format & mount: ``` vgcreate vg-name /dev/sdc3 lvcreate -L 80G wd500-vg -n data mkfs.btrfs /dev/mapper/wd500--vg-data mount /dev/mapper/wd500--vg-data /data2 echo $(cat /proc/mounts | tail -n 1) >> /etc/fstab ; ls /etc/fstab ; ``` ### vg operations ``` vgrename $vg_uuid new-vg-name vgchange -ay # Activate vg ``` Add disk to vg ``` pvcreate /dev/sdb # delete all partitions first vgextend ubuntu-vg /dev/sdb ``` Remove disk from vg: ``` pvmove /dev/sdb1 vgreduce myvg /dev/sdb1 ``` ### lv operations ``` lvremove sandisk-u2/mint ``` ### Resize fs PV thrink: gparted ``` lvresize -L +20G /dev/debian9-vg/root # -r, --resizefs resize2fs /dev/dlvebian9-vg/root yum install e4fsprogs resize4fs /dev/debian9-vg/root # resize ext4 if resize2fs error: Filesystem has unsupported feature(s) lvextend --resize-fs --extents +100%FREE vg/lv # not support btrfs ``` ## btrfs ``` btrfs filesystem show /mnt/intel160 btrfs filesystem usage / btrfs device usage /mnt/intel160G # get {device ID} btrfs filesystem resize 7:max /mnt/point # {device ID} btrfs filesystem resize +60G /data # use gparted for shrink dmesg | grep crc32c # verify if Btrfs checksum is hardware accelerated, e.g.: crc32c-intel ``` ### snapshot ``` btrfs subvolume delete snapshot1/ # mv snapshot folder will be very slow btrfs subvolume snapshot /var/lib/docker /var/lib/docker/btrfs/snapshot_20201230 btrfs subvolume list /var/lib/docker mount -o subvolid=298 /dev/sda5 /var/lib/docker subvolid=298,subvol=/btrfs/snapshot_20201230 ``` ## f2fs ## NTFS ## Swap ``` swapoff -v /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1 lvreduce --size -22G /dev/debian9-vg/swap mkswap /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1 swapon -va echo /dev/VG/LV swap swap defaults 0 0 >> /etc/fstab ``` ## Benchmark ### dd ``` dd if=/dev/zero of=./test_iops bs=4k count=10000 oflag=direct dd if=/dev/zero of=./test_bw bs=1G count=1 oflag=direct ``` ### fio ``` git clone https://github.com/axboe/fio.git && cd fio/examples/ fio --name=randwrite --ioengine=libaio --group_reporting \ --iodepth=1 --rw=randwrite \ --direct=1 --bs=4k --numjobs=8 \ --size=512M --runtime=5 fio --randrepeat=1 --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --gtod_reduce=1 --name=test --filename=random_read.fio --bs=4k --iodepth=64 --size=4G --readwrite=randread fio --randrepeat=1 --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --gtod_reduce=1 --name=test --filename=random_write.fio --bs=4k --iodepth=64 --size=4G --readwrite=randwrite ``` ## SMART ``` apt install smartmontools ``` . ``` smartctl --info /dev/sdf smartctl --test=short /dev/sdf smartctl --all /dev/sdf smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdf smartctl -l xerror /dev/sdf -l TYPE, --log=TYPE Show device log. TYPE: error, selftest, selective, directory[,g|s], xerror[,N][,error], xselftest[,N][,selftest], background, sasphy[,reset], sataphy[,reset], scttemp[sts,hist], scttempint,N[,p], scterc[,N,M], devstat[,N], ssd, gplog,N[,RANGE], smartlog,N[,RANGE] ``` ## SAMBA docker ``` docker run --restart=unless-stopped --net host --name samba \ -v /data:/data -d \ dperson/samba -p -s "public;/data;yes;no" ``` apt ``` apt install samba vi /etc/samba/smb.conf [public] comment = public anonymous access path = /data browsable =yes create mask = 0660 directory mask = 0771 writable = yes guest ok = yes service smbd restarttart ``` --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://book.ferro.pro/linux/fs.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.